Effects of varying nitrogen doses on yield,yield components and artemisinin content of Artemisia annua L.

Artemisia annua L. is an aromatic-antibacterial herb that destroys malarial parasites, lowers fevers and checks bleeding, and of which the secondary compound of interest is artemisinin. The objective of the present study was to determine yield, yield components and artemisinin content of A. annua L. grown under four nitrogen applications (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha⁻¹) in the Çukurova region of Turkey in 2004 and 2005. Field trials were conducted at Çukurova University, Agricultural Faculty Field Crops Department. In the study, plant height, number of branches, fresh herbage yield, dry herbage yield, fresh leaf yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content and artemisinin content (by high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) were examined. By analysis of variance, nitrogen doses had no any statistical effect on the traits investigated except for artemisinin content. Artemisinin content of the dried leaves were significantly affected by nitrogen applications, which varied from 6.32 to 27.50 mg 100 g⁻¹. Contents were from 120 and 80 kg ha⁻¹ nitrogen for the years of 2004 and 2005, respectively.     

高密度二氧化碳对蛋清液中沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌杀菌效果和杀菌动力学的研究

研究了不同温度、压力和时间条件下,高密度二氧化碳(DPCD)处理对蛋清液中沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的杀菌效果,并对DPCD处理蛋清液中大肠杆菌的杀菌动力学进行了分析。结果表明,在15 MPa,45℃下DPCD处理60 min,沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌分别降低了4.46和5.57个对数值,其中大肠杆菌对DPCD处理较沙门氏菌敏感。30 MPa,45℃,DPCD处理30 min,可以完全杀灭蛋清液中的大肠杆菌。线性模型能较好地拟合DPCD对大肠杆菌的杀菌效果,其中30 MPa,45℃下D值最小为5.830。     

Can a diazotrophic endophyte originally isolated from lodgepole pine colonize an agricultural crop (corn) and promote its growth?

Several diazotrophic Paenibacillus strains were isolated from extracts of surface-sterilized lodgepole pine seedling and tree tissues. One strain, Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R, was found to fix high amounts of nitrogen when reintroduced to the gymnosperms, lodgepole pine and western red cedar. We wanted to determine if P. polymyxa P2b-2R could colonize rhizosphere and internal tissues, fix N and promote growth of corn (Zea mays L), an important agricultural crop. We inoculated corn seeds with P. polymyxa strain P2b-2R and grew seedlings for 30 days. Corn seedlings were harvested 10, 20 and 30 days after inoculation for evaluation of endophytic and rhizospheric colonization as well as nitrogen fixation and growth promotion. P2b-2R successfully colonized the rhizosphere as well as internal root tissues of corn (i.e., endophytically) with population densities near 10⁶ cfu. Corn seedling growth was promoted significantly by inoculation with P2b-2R with an increase of up to 35% in length and up to 30% in biomass after 30 days of inoculation. Seedlings inoculated with P2b-2R derived up to 20% of foliar nitrogen from atmosphere after 30 days of inoculation, which is significant considering the fact that this was a short growth trial. These results suggest that P. polymyxa P2b-2R might have a broad range of plant hosts and is able to fix N and promote the growth of at least one important agricultural crop i.e. Corn.     

北京市各区县不透水面动态变化特征研究

利用多期Landsat MSS/TM数据对1992～1999、1999 ～ 2007和2007 ～ 2011年3个时段的北京市9个有代表性区县的不透水面变化特征进行分析.结果表明:经过近20年的发展,北京市各区县因为各种历史原因和所处的位置不同,向不透水面转化的地类存在着区位差异和动态特征.就面积而言:新增不透水面主要集中在发展新区的昌平、通州和顺义,其在各时期新增不透水面总和及增长率均远远超过拓展区的海淀、朝阳、丰台和石景山.早期各区县不透水面增加面积和速度均比较小,中期则大大增加,后期增加速度都有所放缓.不透水面比例显示:拓展区各区县的不透水面占各地类的比例从一开始(1992年)与耕地、绿地不相上下到后来逐渐占优(2007年),再到全部超过50％(2011年),占绝对优势,表明其用地结构却发生了质的变化,农业功能已很小.新区各区县不透水面比例虽然各时期均不断上升,但始终以耕地和绿地为主要用地类型.从不透水面来源看:1992 ～ 1999年,发展新区各区县是以耕地为不透水面主要来源;拓展区各区县则是以绿地和耕地转化为主要方式.1999 ～ 2007年,各区县由耕地转化所占比例都有所上升.2007～2011年,只有新区的区县仍以耕地为不透水面增加的主要来源,耕地和绿地转化为不透水面的趋势有所控制,城市生态环境保护政策的效果初步显现.     

食品原料的安全控制课程体系建设

食品原料是食品供应链的源头,它的安全是保障食品安全的起点。对食品原料进行安全控制,可有效减少食品安全事件的发生,因此,食品原料的安全控制是食品质量与安全专业非常重要的一门核心课程。从课程建设的必要性、课程简介、课程目标、课程内容及与其他课程的联系等方面,详细介绍了食品原料的安全控制课程的建设。     

低聚木糖调节BALB/c小鼠肠道菌群及润肠通便作用研究

[目的]研究低聚木糖对小鼠肠道菌群及润肠通便的影响。[方法]以BALB/c小鼠为试验对象,在连续给予高剂量(1.0g/kg.bw)、低剂量(0.5 g/kg.bw)的低聚木糖14 d后,测定小鼠粪便中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌的含量;在连续给予高、低剂量的低聚木糖21 d后,以复方地芬诺酯建立小鼠便秘模型,测定给予低聚木糖后便秘小鼠的排首黑便时间、6 h内黑便重量及小肠推进率。[结果]与对照组相比,连续给予低聚木糖14 d后,低、高剂量组小鼠粪便内乳杆菌、双歧杆菌及B/E值均显著增加(P<0.05)。与灌服前相比,对照组肠球菌、乳杆菌显著增加(P<0.05);低、高剂量组肠杆菌显著减少(P<0.05),乳杆菌、双歧杆菌及B/E值显著增加。与模型对照组相比,连续给予低聚木糖21 d后,低、高剂量组的首粒排黑便时间显著缩短(P<0.05),排黑便总量显著增加(P<0.05),小肠推进率显著提高(P<0.01)。[结论]低聚木糖具有改善小鼠胃肠道菌群及润肠通便的功效。     

吉林省林地立地质量评价及生产潜力研究

依据一类清查的标准木、样木和样地数据,构建主要树种(组)树高曲线,编制立地形表,用地形和土壤因子拟合立地形估测模型。以此,基于吉林省二类调查数据库,估测全省小班立地形,得到立地质量等级及分布。同时根据全省现实林分状况,综合确定各立地质量等级林地的生产潜力,由此对比分析现实与潜在生产力。结果表明:1)基于清查资料构建的立地形估测模型,经检验,均达到显著相关水平,可用于立地质量的评价;2)吉林省林地质量较好,林地质量等级为好和中等的分别占31.03%和66.00%,合计高达97.03%;3)全省现实生产力为潜在生产力的56.65%,仅7.20%的森林达到林地生产潜力水平,森林生产力仍有较大可提高性;4)基于一类清查和二类调查数据库的立地质量评价和生产潜力测算的方法可靠,具有可推广性。     

The ecological dose value (ED50) for assessing Cd toxicity on ATP content and dehydrogenase and urease activities of soil

Two soils of contrasting texture, organic matter content and pH were treated with CdSO₄ solutions to give a Cd concentration range of 0–4000 mg kg⁻¹ soil. The content of ATP and dehydrogenase and urease activities of soils were assayed after 3 h, and 7 and 28 days of Cd contamination. The relative ED₅₀ values were calculated by two kinetic models (model 1 and model 2) used by Speir et al. (1995) and by the sigmoidal dose–response model (model 3) employed by Haanstra et al. (1985). Model 1 was the most successful in calculating the ED₅₀ values for the ATP content, urease and dehydrogenase activities when both soils were contaminated by Cd. Similar ED₅₀ values were predicted by model 1 (describing the full inhibition) and model 3 only when the correlation coefficients r² were higher than 0.9. The ED₅₀ values of ATP calculated by model 1 were markedly higher than those calculated by model 2 (describing partial inhibition) when both models gave correlation coefficients higher than 0.9. This behavior was due to the high asymptote values obtained using model 2. According to model 2, some of the enzyme activities responsible for the ATP synthesis were probably not inhibited at the highest Cd concentrations. The inhibitory effect of Cd on the ATP content and both enzymatic activities was lower in the Castelporziano soil, which had the highest total organic carbon content.     

Response of soil respiration to nitrogen addition in two subtropical forest types

Anthropogenic activities have increased nitrogen (N) deposition in terrestrial ecosystems, which directly and indirectly affects soil biogeochemical processes, including soil respiration. However, the effects of the increases in N availability on soil respiration are not fully understood. In this study, soil respiration was measured using an infrared gas analyzer system with soil chambers under four N treatments (0, 5, 15, and 30 g N m^-2 year^-1 as control, low N (LN), moderate N (MN), and high N (HN), respectively) in camphor tree and slash pine forests in subtropical China. Results showed that soil respiration rates decreased by 37% in the camphor tree forest and 27% in the slash pine forest on average on an annual base, respectively, in the N-fertilized treatments when compared with the control. No significant differences were found in the soil respiration rate among the LN, MN, and HN treatments in both forest types as these fertilized plots reached an adequate N content zone. In addition, soil microbial biomass carbon (C) content and fine root biomass declined in N-treated plots compared to the control. Our results indicated that elevated N deposition might alter the tree growth pattern, C partitioning, and microbial activity, which further affect soil C sequestration by reducing soil respiration in subtropical forests of China.